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Principal Issues: [TaxInterpretations translation] Can the ratio of use to ownership be considered for the purposes of subsection 1100(14)?
Position: Qualitative and quantitative test - ratio $ of use to % of holding never pleaded in court
Reasons: Jurisprudence cited
November 2, 1999
Montreal Tax Services Headquarters
Section 441-0-1 Resources, Partnerships and
Trusts Division
Michel Hamelin, Case manager
Johanne Desparois, M.Fisc.
7-992327
XXXXXXXXXX
Definition of "rental property”
This is in response to your memo of August 25 and September 2, 1999 concerning the definition of "rental property" in subsection 1100(14) of the Income Tax Regulations (the "Regulations").
Facts
XXXXXXXXXX
Your Questions
1. You stated that the percentage of leased area in relation to the total area of a building is an acceptable factor for determining whether a building is a "rental property". You add that in The Canada Trust Company v. The Minister of National Revenue (85 DTC 322) the "Canada Trust 85" case) the judge stated that the value of the rents could constitute a criterion to be used to determine whether a building is a "rental property". You asked us which of these two criteria takes precedence when the surface area criterion indicates that the property is a "rental property" while the other criterion indicates the opposite.
2. What is the basis for the 70% criterion used in the technical opinion of June 14, 1989 issued by our Directorate (our reference 5-7974)? You asked us to confirm that that the 70% criterion does not apply where a building is held in undivided co-ownership. You also asked us to indicate whether this 70% criterion could apply where the property is held in divided co-ownership.
3. Considering that the XXXXXXXXXX corporations have never together occupied more than XXXXXXXXXX% of the surface area of the Immovable, what is the impact of the 70% criterion?
4. Finally, you asked whether an intent-to-use test could be determinative for the purposes of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations even though the wording of that subsection requires a test of use of the property rather than a test of intent.
Subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations
5. Subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations reads as follows:
“In this section and section 1101, rental property of a taxpayer or a partnership means
(a) a building owned by the taxpayer or the partnership, whether owned jointly with another person or otherwise, or
(b) a leasehold interest in real property, if the leasehold interest is property of Class 1, 3, 6 or 13 in Schedule II and is owned by the taxpayer or the partnership,
if, in the taxation year in respect of which the expression is being applied, the property was used by the taxpayer or the partnership principally for the purpose of gaining or producing gross revenue that is rent, but, for greater certainty, does not include a property leased by the taxpayer or the partnership to a lessee, in the ordinary course of the taxpayer’s or partnership’s business of selling goods or rendering services, under an agreement by which the lessee undertakes to use the property to carry on the business of selling, or promoting the sale of, the taxpayer’s or partnership’s goods or services.”
Our Comments
6. Essentially, the purpose of your questions is to determine whether XXXXXXXXXX's interest in the Immovable is a "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. The courts have pronounced on this definition on a number of occasions. In addition to the Canada Trust 85 case to which you refer, we have analyzed the cases of Gulf Canada Resources Limited v. Her Majesty the Queen (93 DTC 5345) (the "Gulf" case) and Anthony K. Jong v. Her Majesty the Queen (98 DTC 1616) (the "Jong" case).
7. In Canada Trust 85, the issue was whether, in 1976, the office building occupied by Lincoln Trust and Savings Company ("Lincoln Trust") was a "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. In 1979, the Tax Review Board also had to determine the status of this office building for the 1973 and 1974 taxation years (79 DTC 177).
The Canada Trust Company was formed in December 1976 by the amalgamation of two companies, Lincoln Trust and The Canada Trust Company. In 1973, Lincoln Trust built a 5-storey office building to house its head office. Lincoln Trust built the building with the intention of eventually occupying the entire surface area of the building. The fact that the leases signed by the tenants did not exceed 5 years demonstrated this intention. During its fiscal year ended October 31, 1976, Lincoln Trust occupied 35% of the building and leased the remainder to tenants. Lincoln Trust occupied the most expensive floors.
For the 1973 and 1974 taxation years, the Tax Review Board concluded that in 1973 and 1974 this office building was not "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations, since Lincoln Trust was using the building for its business purposes rather than for investment purposes. In reaching that conclusion, the Tax Review Board considered, among other things, that Lincoln Trust would not have built the building solely to rent it out and that it would have built it even if it had not been able to rent it out. In addition, the Tax Review Board considered that the first rental spaces were available only as of September 1974. Although the Tax Court of Canada did not have to rule on the 1973 and 1974 taxation years, the judge stated that he did not disagree with the decision rendered by the Tax Review Board since in 1973 the building had not been completed and in 1974 Lincoln Trust was the main occupant of the building.
The Tax Court of Canada concluded that in 1976 the building was a "rental property" because Lincoln Trust occupied only 35% of the building's surface area. The Tax Court of Canada added that it also agreed with the Tax Review Board that the percentage of use test is not the only test for determining whether a building is a "rental property". However, the Tax Court of Canada was of the view that it was a good test. In addition, the Tax Court of Canada stated that for the purposes of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations, the current use of the building must be considered rather than the intention at the time of construction. The Tax Court of Canada expressed itself, in part, as follows at page 327:
“Concerning Mr. Taylor's decision, the fundamental reasons for allowing the appeal were that concerning 1973 taxation year, the building was not yet completed and concerning 1974 taxation year, the main user was Lincoln Trust. Therefore it was correct to conclude that in the years involved, the building was not used by the taxpayer principally for the purpose of producing revenue that was rent.
(...)
The point at issue is the construction of 1100(14) concerning the actual use of the building involved in the taxation year 1976, and not the intention or motivation of Lincoln Trust in building it even if the thrust of Mr. Sauvé's testimony was that the said building was built as a "flagship building", a "prestige building" to attract business, as counsel for the appellant submitted.”
The Tax Court of Canada added, in obiter, that the value of the rents attributable to the space occupied by Lincoln Trust would be a more acceptable criterion, but it could not use this criterion because the taxpayer had not made any representation to that effect.
8. You asked whether the relative value of rents test discussed at the end of the judgment in Canada Trust 85 takes precedence over the percentage of use test when the latter test indicates that the property is a "rental property" while the test relating to the value of rents indicates the opposite.
In our view, the question of whether a property constitutes "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations is a question of fact that must be determined by taking into account all of the particulars of each case. In Canada Trust 85, the Tax Court of Canada's ratio decidendi was based on the area test. The comment on the value of rents remains a comment in obiter. Consequently, we are of the view that it would be imprudent to conclude that the rental value test takes precedence over the area test, regardless of the situation. Furthermore, in the Gulf case discussed below, the Federal Court, Trial Division, stated that the wording of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations and Interpretation Bulletin IT-195R4 suggest that the words "used (...) principally for" should be interpreted in light of two tests at once, namely, the quantitative test and the qualitative test. That case does not suggest that one of the two criteria takes precedence over the other. Consequently, we are of the view that those two criteria must be considered together, taking into account the specific facts of each case.
9. In Gulf, the issue was also whether the taxpayer's office building was "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. In 1976, the taxpayer, a corporation, decided to have an office building constructed in order to bring together in the same building all of its employees who were scattered in four different buildings. In 1977, the taxpayer entered into a purchase agreement with a real estate developer for the office building. In January 1979, a subsidiary of the taxpayer was incorporated for the transfer of a division of the taxpayer's operations. That transfer was required due to the rapid growth of the taxpayer's business. The employees of that subsidiary were the same people who worked in the taxpayer's division. In September 1979, the taxpayer and the subsidiary moved into the taxpayer's new office building. The taxpayer occupied 28.5% of the building, the subsidiary occupied 26.5% and the remaining 45% was rented to third parties. A partnership was created solely to lease the space in the building that was not occupied by the taxpayer and its subsidiary. To determine whether the building was used by the taxpayer principally to earn or produce gross income that constitutes rent, the Federal Court, Trial Division, had to decide whether, for the purposes of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations, the 26.5% of space occupied by the subsidiary could be considered to be used for rental purposes. The Federal Court concluded that the 26.5% of space occupied by the subsidiary was not used to earn gross revenue that is rent. Consequently, the building was not a "rental property" for the purposes of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations since only 45% of the building was rented. In reaching this conclusion, the Federal Court relied primarily on the following facts: the subsidiary was incorporated after the decision to construct the building, the building was constructed to house all of the taxpayer's employees, the subsidiary operated a division of the taxpayer's business, and the subsidiary's employees were former employees of the taxpayer. In addition, the Federal Court's decision was based on the wording of the postamble to subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations and on paragraphs 3 and 4 of Interpretation Bulletin IT-195R4.
The postamble to subsection 1100(14) of the Regulation, reads, in part, as follows:
“(…) but, for greater certainty, does not include a property leased by the taxpayer or the partnership to a lessee, in the ordinary course of the taxpayer’s or partnership’s business of selling goods or rendering services, under an agreement by which the lessee undertakes to use the property to carry on the business of selling, or promoting the sale of, the taxpayer’s or partnership’s goods or services.”
Paragraphs 3 and 4 of Interpretation Bulletin IT-195R4 reads, in part, as follows:
“3. (…) To be a rental property, the property must be used in the year by the taxpayer or partnership principally for the purposes of gaining or producing gross revenue that is rent. Rental property does not include a property leased by a taxpayer or partnership (the lessor) in the ordinary course of the lessor's business of selling goods or rendering services, where this is done under an agreement by which the lessee undertakes to use the property to carry on the sale or promotion of the sale of the lessor's goods or services. For example, a building leased by an oil company to a dealer for the operation of a service station in order to display and sell the oil company's goods is not a rental property of the oil company.
Meaning of "Principally"
4. As used in the definition of rental property in subsection 1100(14), the word "principally" means "primarily" or "chiefly." In establishing whether a property is used principally for a given purpose, one of the main factors to be considered is the proportion of time that the property is used for that purpose. If the property is used more than 50 percent of the time for the purposes of gaining or producing gross revenue that is rent, that pattern of use is a good indication that the property is used principally for that purpose. Another important factor to be considered is the proportion of the amount of space rented in relation to the total area of the building. Again, if more than 50 percent of the total area is rented, that is an indication that the property is being used principally for producing rental revenue.”
The Federal Court, Trial Division, stated that the wording of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations and Interpretation Bulletin IT-195R4 suggest that the words "used (...) principally for" should be interpreted according to two tests: the quantitative test and the qualitative test.
The quantitative criterion is based on the percentage of occupancy of the building, while the qualitative criterion is based on the purpose for which the building is used. The qualitative criterion is based on the relationship between the building owner's business and the businesses operating in the rented space. Where a taxpayer can demonstrate that the space is rented for reasons other than to produce gross rental income, such evidence indicates that the property is probably not a "rental property" for the purposes of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. The Federal Court stated that the purpose of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations is to restrict capital cost allowance in order to prevent a taxpayer from using capital cost allowance on real property to reduce income from other sources. The Federal Court added that the qualitative test makes it possible to properly interpret subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations while respecting Parliament's intent.
10. Among your questions, you asked whether an intent-to-use test could be determinative for the purposes of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations even if the wording of that subsection requires a test of use of the property rather than a test of intention to use the property.
As stated above, we are of the view that whether a property constitutes "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations is a question of fact that must be determined by taking into account all of the particulars of each case. It is true that the wording of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations requires a use test. However, as the Federal Court Trial Division indicated in Gulf, the qualitative test must also be considered in order to properly interpret subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. We are of the view, however, that the facts in Gulf are specific and that it would be wrong to conclude that the space used in a building by other taxpayers must always be considered in determining whether the building is a "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. The Tax Court of Canada clarified that point in Jong.
11. In Jong, the Tax Court of Canada had to re-examine subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. In that case, the issue was whether the loss realized on the disposition of an interest in a building should be considered in paragraph (e) of the definition of "investment expense" in subsection 110.6(1) of the Act. That paragraph applies, in particular, to losses incurred by an individual for the year from renting or leasing a rental property within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. The taxpayer was a doctor who co-owned a building. In 1991, the co-owners sold their interest in the building to a digital company in which they were shareholders. Following that transfer, the taxpayer realized a loss. The taxpayer occupied 10% of the building. The co-owners together occupied 39% of the building, 40% was occupied by other doctors and the remaining space was occupied by a treatment centre. The Tax Court of Canada concluded that the taxpayer used the building primarily to generate gross rental income and that the taxpayer's percentage use of the building should be determined independently of the other co-owners, even if the other co-owners carried on similar businesses. The Tax Court of Canada reached this conclusion by taking into account the quantitative and qualitative tests set out in the Gulf case. The Tax Court of Canada expressed itself, in part, as follows at page 1621:
"The evidence does indicate that each co-owner and tenant were operating separate businesses apart from the operation of the building by the co-owner.
The Court considers the use of the building and in that consideration the percentage of the space that was used by the Appellant. That amounted to very little, about 10 % and that was shared by the Appellant and two others.
The Court is satisfied that what should be considered here is the use of the space by the Appellant and not the Appellant together with the other co-owners because they had nothing whatsoever to do with the business of the Appellant.
(...)
The Court is satisfied that the Appellant was using the property principally for the purpose of producing rent despite his acknowledgement that he had an interest in how the building was to be run, what it was to be used for and despite the fact that he was involved in a business similar to other co-tenants. There was no real relationship between the Appellant's business and that of the other tenants, apart from the treatment centre, which income was solely rental income in any event."
12. You also asked about the basis for the 70% criterion used in the technical opinion of June 14, 1989 issued by our Directorate (our reference 5-7974). You asked us to confirm that that 70% criterion does not apply where a building is held in undivided co-ownership. You also asked us to indicate whether that 70% criterion could apply where the property is held in divided co-ownership. In addition, you asked us to indicate the impact of that criterion on the present case.
We have not found any jurisprudence to support such a 70% test (i.e. the ratio between the percentage of use and the percentage of ownership) used in the technical opinion bearing reference number 5-7974. The Jong case is the only case we have found that involves determining whether a building held in co-ownership constitutes "rental property" within the meaning of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations. In Jong, the Tax Court of Canada did not have to determine whether the qualitative test set out in Gulf could include the 70% test, that is, the ratio between the percentage of use and the percentage of interest in a building. The Tax Court of Canada did not have to rule on this test since there was no pleading to that effect. XXXXXXXXXX.
13. In view of the foregoing comments, we are of the view that you do not have to take into account the other co-owners of the Immovable in determining whether XXXXXXXXXX's interest in the Immovable constitutes "rental property" for the purposes of subsection 1100(14) of the Regulations since XXXXXXXXXX's business is independent of the businesses carried on by the other tenants and co-owners. Furthermore, based on the Jong case and considering that XXXXXXXXXX occupies only XXXXXXXXXX% of the Immovable, we are inclined to conclude that the Immovable is "rental property". XXXXXXXXXX.
We hope you find these comments useful. Should you require additional information regarding the content of this document, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Marc Vanasse, CA
Manager
Resources, Partnerships and Trusts Section
Income Tax Rulings Directorate
Policy and Legislation Branch
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