Translation disclaimer
This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues: Whether section 51 would apply upon the conversion of the SAFE into shares of the issuer?
Position: No general position, as there does not seem to be one universal SAFE agreement. If the SAFE is not qualified as a share under the relevant corporate laws and if it does not reflect a debt of the issuer, having a principal amount payable and bearing the typical hallmarks of a debt obligation, the Agency will generally take the position that section 51 is not applicable. The legal qualification of the SAFE will largely determine its proper treatment upon conversion, including the occurrence or non-occurrence of a disposition under subsection 248(1) or section 49.1 of the Act.
Reasons: The Law.
FEDERAL TAX ROUNDTABLE OCTOBER 9, 2025
2025 APFF CONFERENCE
12. Confirming the tax treatment of Simple Agreements for Future Equity
This is a request for the CRA's views on the tax treatment of the “Simple Agreement for Future Equity” ("SAFE") financial instruments, which are used primarily by start-up companies to raise funds.
Definition of a SAFE:
A SAFE is a financing agreement in which an investor provides funds to a company in exchange for the right to receive shares of that company at a future date, generally upon a future financing or winding-up event. Unlike convertible bonds, SAFEs have no maturity date or accrued interest. Nor do they confer any traditional debt rights on the investor. The SAFE remains outstanding indefinitely until a conversion event occurs, at which time it is converted into shares at a preferential price.
Questions to the CRA
Given those characteristics, we are inquiring as to the tax status of such an instrument to the investors. More specifically, we wish to know whether the CRA considers that a SAFE:
(a) should be treated, under the provisions of section 51, as a right to convert into shares, or
(b) constitutes a deferred share issuance, in which case another treatment would apply.
CRA Response:
The tax treatment of a particular financial instrument must be determined in light of all the relevant factual and legal circumstances.
Since the statement in this question presents only a summary description of the characteristics of a SAFE, it is not possible for us to give a definitive opinion. We can, however, offer the following general comments.
The question seems to be concerned with the possible realization of a gain or loss on the fulfilment of a condition set out in the SAFE that results in the issuance of shares (the "Issuance Event"). Our comments will therefore focus solely on that aspect, assuming that this is a capital transaction for the SAFE holder.
We have also assumed that the SAFE described above is governed by the law applicable in the Province of Quebec.
The preamble to subsection 51(1) sets out the conditions for its application:
“Where a share of the capital stock of a corporation is acquired by a taxpayer from the corporation in exchange for
(a) a capital property of the taxpayer that is another share of the corporation (in this section referred to as a “convertible property”), or
(b) a capital property of the taxpayer that is a bond, debenture or note of the corporation the terms of which confer on the holder the right to make the exchange (in this section referred to as a “convertible property”)
and no consideration other than the share is received by the taxpayer for the convertible property, [...]" [emphasis added].
For that paragraph to apply to a SAFE, it must constitute a bond, debenture, note or share of the issuing corporation at the time of its conversion.
In a Canadian context, for an instrument issued by a corporation to constitute a "share" within the meaning of subsection 51(1), the CRA generally considers that it must be so qualified by the applicable corporate statute.
For the instrument to constitute a "bond," "debenture" or "note" within the meaning of subsection 51(1), the CRA generally considers that it must be established to be a debt owed by the issuing corporation, with a principal amount payable.
To the extent that, until the Issuance Event, the SAFE is not considered to be a share under the applicable corporate statute and does not confer any of the rights or impose any of the obligations generally associated with a share under such statute, the CRA would take the position that the instrument is not a share within the meaning of subsection 51(1).
To the extent that it is reasonable to conclude that the intention of the parties was not to create a debt and that the SAFE does not refer to any amount of principal, any interest, any maturity date, any terms of repayment and that it confers a priority ranking lower than that of the issuer's ordinary creditors, the CRA would take the position that the instrument does not constitute an "bond." "debenture" or a "note" within the meaning of subsection 51(1).
If the SAFE is not subject to section 51 at the time of an Issuance Event, the question would arise as to whether such an event constitutes a disposition of the contractual rights reflected in the instrument, within the meaning of the definition set out in subsection 248(1). The CRA also notes that section 49.1 could be relevant to such a question:
“For greater certainty, where a taxpayer acquires a particular property in satisfaction of an absolute or contingent obligation of a person or partnership to provide the particular property pursuant to a contract or other arrangement one of the main objectives of which was to establish a right, whether absolute or contingent, to the particular property and that right was not under the terms of a trust, partnership agreement, share or debt obligation, the satisfaction of the obligation is not a disposition of that right.”
It would be conceivable for the CRA to determine, in light of all the characteristics of a given instrument and its legal characterization under the applicable private and corporate law, that there was no disposition on the conversion of the SAFE into shares.
Such a determination could be made in the context of a request for an advance income tax ruling, where the CRA could analyze the instrument in its entirety and its legal character.
Simon Lemieux
October 9, 2025
2025-107153
All rights reserved. Permission is granted to electronically copy and to print in hard copy for internal use only. No part of this information may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or redistributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system for any purpose other than noted above (including sales), without prior written permission of Canada Revenue Agency, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L5
© His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, 2025
Tous droits réservés. Il est permis de copier sous forme électronique ou d'imprimer pour un usage interne seulement. Toutefois, il est interdit de reproduire, de modifier, de transmettre ou de redistributer de l'information, sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, de facon électronique, méchanique, photocopies ou autre, ou par stockage dans des systèmes d'extraction ou pour tout usage autre que ceux susmentionnés (incluant pour fin commerciale), sans l'autorisation écrite préalable de l'Agence du revenu du Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L5.
© Sa Majesté le Roi du Chef du Canada, 2025