Translation disclaimer
This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues: [TaxInterpretations translation] Is cash received from sales collected upon signing a long-term contract an asset used principally in carrying on an active business?
Position: Question of fact.
Reasons: The asset must be used or risked in the business and satisfy a requirement necessary for the operation of the business. In general, prudent financial management of a business may require that current assets (such as cash) that exceed current liabilities be considered in determining whether an asset was used principally in an actively carried on business. However, a permanent accumulation of cash in excess of the business's reasonable working capital requirements will generally not be considered an asset used principally in an active business.
FEDERAL TAX ROUNDTABLE OCTOBER 9, 2025
2025 APFF CONFERENCE
14. Asset used principally in an active business carried on ("ABCO")
The situation
The corporation ("Opco") is a CCPC which carries on an active services business.
Opco enters into medium and long-term contracts with its customers for the provision of such services. Although a contract may cover a period of several years, the amounts are received when the contract is signed and not as the contract is performed.
Thus, Opco recognizes revenue from long-term contracts using the percentage-of-completion method, with the degree of completion being measured by the ratio of units delivered to total units under the contract.
Consequently, the amounts received are classified as "deferred income" in the corporation's liabilities, and the value of the cash represents a significant portion of the total value of Opco's assets.
Based on Opco's financial history, each contract generates a profit of approximately 20% of the selling price of the services rendered. Thus, up to 80% of the amount received under a contract is used to cover the corporation's ongoing expenses to perform the services in question.
Consider the following situation at a particular time:
- Opco has a cash balance of $50,000;
- Opco enters into a contract with an unrelated third party for which it receives $100,000 at the time of the agreement to provide services over a 3-year period;
- Of this $100,000 sale, Opco expects to use $80,000 to cover ongoing expenses for the 3 years of the contract related to the services in order to generate a net profit of $20,000;
- The amounts collected in advance are deposited in Opco's bank account, which now amounts to $150,000 immediately after the particular time;
- Opco has no contractual obligation to retain the amounts collected to cover expenses related to the services. The monies are available at any time in Opco's sole discretion.
In order for a share to qualify as a qualified small business corporation share (“QSBCS”), as defined in subsection 110.6(1), it must, among other things, be held by a taxpayer in a "small business corporation" ("SBC"). The term "SBC" is defined in subsection 248(1). Under paragraph (a) of that definition, all or substantially all of the fair market value of the assets must be attributable to assets that are used principally in an ABCO [active business carried on].
In addition, subparagraph (c)(i) of the definition of QSBCS also provides that, for the 24 months immediately preceding the determination time, more than 50% of the FMV of the assets must be attributable to assets used principally in an active business carried on by the corporation.
Ensite v. Her Majesty the Queen (footnote 1) ("Ensite") clarified the expression "property used or held by the corporation in the year in the course of carrying on a business". One of the main points to note from that decision is that property "used" is property "employed" or "risked" in a business. The term "risked" means more than a remote risk, so that the withdrawal of the property would "have a decidedly destabilizing effect on the corporate operations themselves". That interpretation has also been adopted by the Canada Revenue Agency ("CRA") in various technical interpretations.
In the CRA's general view, this is a question of fact for which the relevant factors include the actual use to which the cash is put in the business, the nature of the business and the current practices of the business.
Also, in Question 11.4 of the Roundtable on Federal Taxation at the 1991 APFF Convention, the CRA concluded that "term deposits with funds derived from prepaid fees could be considered to be used in the business of the corporation".
Similarly, Opco holds cash relating to services that the corporation must render in the current fiscal period, but also in the two following fiscal periods.
Since Opco generates on average a 20% profit on a service contract, approximately $80,000 of the total amount collected under the contract (80% of $100,000) is required to carry on its business. Thus, that part of the cash balance, i.e. 80% of the deferred revenue, would be "risked" beyond the usual meaning of that term. There would be negative repercussions on the businesses operations if more than 20% of the sums collected were disbursed.
In addition, it is a common practice for Opco to collect cash at the time of the agreement. Approximately 80% of the cash received as a result of a contract is temporary. It is intended to cover the businesses current expenses and is not held in anticipation of the replacement or purchase of fixed assets or in anticipation of the repayment of a long-term debt.
In other words, without this cash, Opco would no longer be able to assume the expenses that were incurred in order to complete the services, according to the contractual agreements reached with the customers.
Question to the CRA
Considering that Opco expects a net profit of $20,000 from the amounts collected under the services contract, is it possible to consider $80,000 of the $150,000 cash balance, i.e. 80% of the $100,000 deferred revenue presented in the liabilities, as an asset used principally in an ABCO [active business carried on] for the purposes of the definition of QSBCS?
CRA Response
The question of whether a property is an asset used principally in an ABCO [active business carried on] for the purposes of the definition of QSBCS in subsection 110.6(1) is a question of fact that the Income Tax Rulings Directorate (ITRD) cannot determine in a hypothetical context. Making such a determination requires, among other things, consideration of the actual use made of the property in the course of the business's activities, the nature of the business in question and current practices in the particular industry sector in which it operates.
The Ensite decision, cited above, remains a landmark decision in determining whether a property is an asset used principally in an ABCO. According to this Supreme Court of Canada decision, it is important to determine whether the use of the asset is related to a defined responsibility or obligation of the business. The mere fact that the use of the property has a commercial purpose is not sufficient. The asset must be used or risked in the business and satisfy a requirement necessary for the operation of the business. In this context, "risked" means more than exposure to a remote risk. If no longer having the property would have a decidedly destabilizing effect on the corporation's operations, the property would generally be considered to be used in the course of a business's operations.
In determining whether cash (cash on hand, short-term investments, etc.) can be considered to be an asset used principally in an ABCO, the test is not to compare the total amount of such cash with the potential expenses that the corporation may incur in the coming years, but rather to determine whether its withdrawal could have a destabilizing effect on the business’s operations or whether its holding is necessary to satisfy a condition that must be met before engaging in commercial activities.
Furthermore, the ITRD has previously indicated that it recognizes that prudent financial management of a business may require that current assets (such as cash) exceed current liabilities and that this factor could be considered in an examination to determine whether a property is an asset used principally in an ABCO. However, a permanent accumulation of cash in excess of a company's reasonable needs for working capital will generally not be considered to be an asset used principally in an ABCO.
Nancy Deslandes
October 9, 2025
2025-107160
FOOTNOTES
Due to our system requirements, the footnotes contained in the original document are reproduced below:
1 [1986] 2 S.C.R. 509 ("Ensite").
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