Translation disclaimer
This translation was prepared by Tax Interpretations Inc. The CRA did not issue this document in the language in which it now appears, and is not responsible for any errors in its translation that might impact a reader’s understanding of it or the position(s) taken therein. See also the general Disclaimer below.
Principal Issues:
Whether a corporation, the voting rights of which are owned one third by an individual and two thirds by a limited partnership which is controlled by a general partner that is a wholly owned subsidiary of a public corporation, is controlled by the public corporation for purposes of determining whether the corporation is a Canadian-controlled private corporation?
Position:
In this case yes.
Reasons:
Question of fact.
August 29, 2000
Montreal Tax Services Office Headquarters
Corporate Reorganizations and
International Operations Division
Attention: Ms. Giovanna Paglia
Fouad Daaboul
(613) 957-2053
2000-002318
Canadian-controlled private corporation
This is in response to your memo of March 29, 2000, the additional information received on May 29 and June 14, 2000, and our telephone conversations (Paglia/Daaboul) in which you requested our opinion on the above subject in the context of the situation described below. You provided us with copies of the following documents:
a) the XXXXXXXXXX shareholder organization chart;
b) the unanimous shareholder agreement of XXXXXXXXXX;
c) certain resolutions of the Board of Directors of XXXXXXXXXX;
d) the certificate of incorporation and description of the share capital of XXXXXXXXXX;
e) the list of the limited partners of XXXXXXXXXX ;
f) a list of the shareholders of certain limited partners XXXXXXXXXX ;
g) the limited partnership agreement XXXXXXXXXX ;
h) the XXXXXXXXXX tax return and financial statements for the XXXXXXXXXX taxation year.
DESIGNATIONS OF PARTIES AND ABBREVIATIONS
In this memo, the names and business names of taxpayers, as well as certain terms, are replaced by the following names, business names and abbreviations:
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... A Ltd.
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... B Ltd.
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... C Ltd.
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... D Ltd.
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... SÉCOM
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... Mr. X
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... Mr. Y
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... Opco
XXXXXXXXXX ........................................................... H Ltd.
Income Tax Act......................................................... Act
Quebec Companies Act R.S.Q., Chapter C-38 . ..........QCA
Civil Code of Quebec............................................... Code
Unanimous shareholder agreement of Opco............ Agreement
Resolutions of the Board of Directors of Opco.......... Resolutions
Certificates of incorporation and amendment of Opco... Articles
Limited partnership agreement - SÉCOM.................. Document
FACTS
We understand that the principal facts relevant to your question are as follows.
I. A Ltd. is a “Canadian corporation” and a “public corporation” for the purposes of the Act that is not controlled by any person or group of persons. C Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of B Ltd. which, in turn, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of A Ltd. D Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of A Ltd.
II. SÉCOM is a limited partnership governed by the provisions of the Code. On XXXXXXXXXX, the “document” was filed as a declaration as required by the Code and by the Act respecting the publicity of sole proprietorships, partnerships and legal persons in Quebec. According to the Document, SÉCOM's purpose is to make investments, XXXXXXXXXX.
III. C Ltd., as sole general partner of SÉCOM, is entitled to XXXXXXXXXXX% of the operating profit or loss for each fiscal period of Opco. As general partner, C Ltd. directs the affairs of SÉCOM. Pursuant to the Document, the general partner has all rights and powers, for and on behalf of SÉCOM, and is responsible for, among other things, deciding on investments to be made by SÉCOM.
IV. The Document provides that no limited partner shall participate in any decisions regarding the management of SÉCOM. It also provides that each limited partner of SÉCOM is entitled to receive its share of the assets of the limited partnership in the event of its dissolution. However, the limited partners may not require the dissolution of SÉCOM, except in the event of default by the general partner as provided for in the Document. Of the $XXXXXXXXXX received from its limited partners, SÉCOM received $XXXXXXXXXX from D Ltd., which thus owns XXXXXXXXXX% of SÉCOM's units.
V. Opco was incorporated on XXXXXXXXXX under Part IA of the QCA. On that date, one XXXXXXXXXX share of the capital stock of Opco was issued to Mr. X for $XXXXXXXXXX. Mr. X is a Canadian resident for the purposes of the Act.
VI. On XXXXXXXXXX, a Resolution was adopted to amend the share capital of Opco and provide that the outstanding XXXXXXXXXX share be convertible into one XXXXXXXXXX share. The principal characteristics of the main classes of shares in Opco's share capital are as follows:
A. The holder of one XXXXXXXXXX share, one XXXXXXXXXX share or one XXXXXXXXXX share will be entitled to one vote per share held at all meetings of shareholders. The holder of an XXXXXXXXXX share will not be entitled to vote in the election of directors or for any other purpose and will not be entitled to attend shareholders' meetings. The XXXXXXXXXX shares are not subject to any call option, and are not redeemable by Opco or the holder.
B. Unlike the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares, the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares will be entitled to receive dividends, concurrently between them. The holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares will be entitled to receive dividends in priority to the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares.
C. In the event of winding-up, dissolution or distribution of the assets of Opco, the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares shall be entitled to receive an amount equal to the issued and paid-up capital of such shares prior to any distribution to the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares and the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares shall be entitled to receive an amount equal to the issued and paid-up capital of such shares prior to any distribution to the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares. The holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares and the holders of the XXXXXXXXXX shares shall be entitled to share, pro rata and pari passu, in the remaining assets of Opco.
D. The XXXXXXXXXX shares must be converted into XXXXXXXXXX shares when a holder of XXXXXXXXXX shares wishes to trade publicly following Opco's initial public offering or when Opco's shares become listed on a stock exchange in Canada.
VII. Another Resolution was adopted on XXXXXXXXXX with respect to the election of Mr. Y, who is the President of SÉCOM, as a director of Opco. As of that date, Mr. X and Mr. Y are respectively the President and the Secretary-Treasurer of Opco.
VIII. On XXXXXXXXXX, there was a conversion of the XXXXXXXXXX share held by Mr. X into one XXXXXXXXXX share of Opco.
IX. On XXXXXXXXXX, the following four events occurred.
A. An agreement was entered into for the transfer of XXXXXXXXXX by Mr. X to Opco and Opco issued to Mr. X, as consideration, one XXXXXXXXXX share and XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX shares.
B. Opco issued to SÉCOM XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX shares for XXXXXXXXXX dollars and XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX shares for XXXXXXXXXX dollars.
C. An employment agreement was entered into between Mr. X and Opco.
D. Approval of the “agreement” by a resolution and issuance by Opco of XXXXXXXXXX shares XXXXXXXXXX to H Ltd.
X. The following three events took place on XXXXXXXXXX:
A. Opco granted Mr. X options to purchase XXXXXXXXXX shares as follows: the option to acquire XXXXXXXXXX shares at any time and the option to acquire XXXXXXXXXX shares subject to the occurrence of a particular event under the terms and conditions of a letter provided in this regard to be issued to him by Opco following the approval of its shareholders. No value is mentioned for the options or their exercise price.
B. Issuance of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX shares following the exercise of the first tranche of options by Mr. X, as described in the preceding paragraph.
C. Approval, by the Board of Directors of Opco, of a right of first refusal agreement between Mr. X and SÉCOM.
XI. A shareholders' agreement was entered into between SÉCOM, Mr. X and H Ltd. in XXXXXXXXXX. The Agreement specifies, in the event of the exercise of its rights to acquire XXXXXXXXXX additional XXXXXXXXXX shares by SÉCOM and options to acquire XXXXXXXXXX additional XXXXXXXXXX shares by Mr. X, that the capital stock of Opco will be allocated among the shareholders as follows:
Shares Shares Shares
XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX
(voting ) (voting) (non-voting)
SÉCOM XXXXXXXXXX
M. X XXXXXXXXXX
H Ltd. XXXXXXXXXX
Total XXXXXXXXXX
XII. The Agreement specifies in section XXXXXXXXXX, that where the context permits, its provisions will be interpreted as a unanimous shareholder agreement of Opco within the meaning of the QCA.
XIII. Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement stipulates that the Board of Directors of Opco is composed of XXXXXXXXXX directors. SÉCOM shall have the right to designate XXXXXXXXXX directors and Mr. X shall have the right to designate one director. The XXXXXXXXXX director will be designated by the XXXXXXXXXX directors so designated by the shareholders and will be chosen from a list of candidates proposed by H Ltd.
XIV. For the purposes of certain acts provided for in Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement, the powers of the Board of Directors of Opco are withdrawn and vested in the shareholders and any decision with respect to such acts will require the adoption of a resolution of the shareholders representing a majority of the outstanding voting shares of Opco. For the sole purposes of this Article, Mr. X undertakes and agrees to exercise his voting rights on his XXXXXXXXXX shares in the same manner as SÉCOM, inter alia, with respect to the following acts:
A. on the dissolution or voluntary winding-up of Opco if the research agreement between Mr. X and H Ltd. is terminated or if SÉCOM does not proceed with the subscription of the second or third tranche shares;
B. the approval of the operating and capital budgets for each fiscal period of Opco and any amendments thereto during the fiscal period commencing with the fiscal period in which Opco commences its operations or the commercialization of the results of the Research Project;
C. subject to Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement, entitled Winding-Up of Opco at the request of SÉCOM, the purchase or assignment by Opco of any Intellectual Property Rights.
XV. Where Opco requires additional funds, Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement provides that Opco may proceed with an additional issue of XXXXXXXXXX shares. Where Opco is unable to obtain additional funds through bank loans, Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement provides that SÉCOM shall do so by way of loan or advance, to the extent that SÉCOM has elected to subscribe for such additional funds.
XVI. Article XXXXXXXXXX of the Agreement specifies, among other things, that if the employment contract between Opco and Mr. X is terminated prematurely, Mr. X is deemed to have granted to the other shareholders an irrevocable option to purchase all of his shares.
XVII. According to the Agreement, the registered office and principal place of business of SÉCOM are the same as those of Opco. Mr. Y signed the Agreement as a representative of SÉCOM and Mr. X also signed it as a shareholder and as a representative of Opco.
XVIII. According to Opco's income tax return for its XXXXXXXXXX taxation year, Opco's representatives checked “Canadian-controlled private corporation”. As at XXXXXXXXXX, Opco's balance sheet indicates that the amount of issued and paid share capital was $XXXXXXXXXX.
QUESTION
You requested our opinion as to whether Opco is controlled by A Ltd., a public corporation, for the purpose of determining whether Opco is a “Canadian-controlled private corporation” throughout its XXXXXXXXXX taxation year.
Subsection 125(7) defines the expression “Canadian-controlled private corporation”. According to the opening words of the preamble to that definition, a corporation must be a “private corporation” and a “Canadian corporation” within the meaning given those expressions by subsection 89(1). For greater certainty, Opco is a “Canadian corporation” (within the meaning of paragraph (a) of the definition in subsection 89(1)) because it was incorporated in Canada.
A “private corporation” within the meaning of subsection 89(1), at any time, is a corporation that, at that time, is resident in Canada, is not a public corporation and is not controlled by one or more public corporations (other than prescribed venture capital corporations) or prescribed Crown corporations. The concept of control that applies for the purposes of the definition of “private corporation” is that of de jure (legal) control.
De jure control
In Duha Printers (Western) v. The Queen, 98 DTC 6334, under the heading “Summary of principles and conclusion as to control”, the Supreme Court of Canada summarized the principles of corporate and tax law that must be considered in determining de jure control, as follows:
It may be useful at this stage to summarize the principles of corporate and taxation law considered in this appeal, in light of their importance. They are as follows:
(1) Article 111(5) of the Income Tax Act contemplates de jure, not de facto, control.
(2) The general test for de jure control is that enunciated in Buckerfield’s, supra: whether the majority shareholder enjoys “effective control” over the “affairs and fortunes” of the corporation, as manifested in “ownership of such a number of shares as carries with it the right to a majority of the votes in the election of the board of directors”.
(3) To determine whether such “effective control” exists, one must consider:
(a) the corporation’s governing statute;
(b) the share register of the corporation; and
(c) any specific or unique limitation on either the majority shareholder’s power to control the election of the board or the board’s power to manage the business and affairs of the company, as manifested in either:
(i) the constating documents of the corporation; or
(ii) any unanimous shareholder agreement.
(4) Documents other than the share register, the constating documents, and any unanimous shareholder agreement are not generally to be considered for this purpose.
(5) If there exists any such limitation as contemplated by item 3(c), the majority shareholder may nonetheless possess de jure control, unless there remains no other way for that shareholder to exercise “effective control” over the affairs and fortunes of the corporation in a manner analogous or equivalent to the Buckerfield’s test.
Effects of the Agreement
Article 123.91 of Division II “Unanimous Agreement of the Shareholders” in Part IA of the QCA provides as follows:
The shareholders, if all of them consent thereto and make a written agreement to that effect, may restrict the powers of the directors.
Thus, in the situation submitted, more particularly because of the facts mentioned in paragraph 14 above, the Agreement constitutes a unanimous shareholder agreement within the meaning of the QCA and must therefore be taken into account in determining the effective control of Opco in accordance with the Supreme Court's comments.
We are also of the view that the Agreement gives SÉCOM “effective control” of Opco since, pursuant to the agreement, SÉCOM has the power to elect XXXXXXXXXX directors out of XXXXXXXXXX in relation to the other shareholder, Mr. X. The fact that, subsequently, the XXXXXXXXXX designated directors may designate a XXXXXXXXXX does not change our conclusion in this regard.
Control of SÉCOM
Where, in a given situation, a limited partnership has only one general partner, the Agency's position is that the general partner generally has control of the limited partnership.
Thus, we are of the opinion that C Ltd. controls SÉCOM since C Ltd. is the sole general partner of SÉCOM.
Ultimate control
In Parthenon Investments Ltd. v. The Queen, 97 DTC 5343, the Court had to determine whether Parthenon Investments Ltd. was a “Canadian-controlled private corporation” in a situation where all of the voting shares of the corporation were held by Pacific International Equities Corp, a Canadian corporation, and all of the voting shares of the latter were held by Pacific International Equities Inc, a U.S. corporation, whose shares were held by two Canadian residents as follows: 2/3 by F.M.E. Investments Limited and 1/3 by H.S.M. Investments Limited. F.M.E. Investments Limited was controlled by an individual resident in Canada.
The Federal Court of Appeal concluded that a corporation is controlled by a person even if that person controls the corporation indirectly through other corporations. In its analysis, the Court determined that there could only be one master and that the taxpayer was ultimately controlled by Canadian residents:
It seems to us that one cannot thus divide up the notion of de jure control. Control has about it a character of exclusivity, of finality, and cannot allow for two masters simultaneously.
In the case at bar control rests, ultimately, in the hands of Canadian residents. We do not see an interpretation in terms of ultimate control as an addition of the word "ultimately" to what would otherwise be a rule of plain meaning, but rather as emphasizing that the concept of control has necessarily latent within it the notion of ultimate control. In our view, therefore, the appellant must succeed on this part of its appeal.
By analogy, in the current situation, A Ltd. controls B Ltd. which controls C Ltd. which controls SÉCOM which finally controls Opco. Consequently, we are of the view that A Ltd. has ultimate control of Opco.
It therefore follows that since A Ltd., a “public corporation”, controls Opco, Opco cannot be considered a “private corporation” and is therefore not a “Canadian-controlled private corporation” within the meaning of that definition in subsection 125(7).
For your information, a copy of this memorandum will be severed using the Access to Information Act and will be available in the Legislative Access Database (LAD) located on the mainframe of the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency. A severed copy will also be distributed to the commercial tax publishers for inclusion in their databases. The severing process will remove all material that is not subject to disclosure, including information that could disclose the identity of the taxpayer. Should your client request a copy of this memorandum, the Legislative Access Bank version can be provided. Alternatively, the client may request a severed copy using the Privacy Act criteria, which does not remove client identity. Requests for this latter version should be made by you to Ms. Jackie Page at (819) 994-2898. A copy that has been severed in accordance with the Privacy Act will be sent to you for delivery to the client.
Should you require any additional information regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Best regards,
Maurice Bisson, CGA
for the Director
Corporate Reorganizations and
International Operations Division
Income Tax Rulings Directorate
Policy and Legislation Branch
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